Diversity and regeneration of tree species were studied in two community-managed Sal forests, Bhabar lowland (LEF) and Hill (HEF), in the central region of Nepal. Tree species >30 cm in height were enumerated in 16 systematically laid quadrats. Density, dominance and frequency as well as the Importance Value Index (IVI) of species were computed to characterize the floristic composition. Stand density, basal area, and diversity measures were calculated to examine stand structure and heterogeneity in each forest community.

Indigenous people and their socio-cultural relationships with biological systems have largely been contributing to sustainable conservation of biodiversity, especially in in-situ conservation. Some international developments in the environment and conservation scene have opened avenues for introducing measures to recognize and protect Indigenous Peoples knowledge.