The different methods adopted by farmers for the middle hills and mountain areas of Nepal include: application of farmyard manure/compost, fertilization, incorporation of legumes in crop rotations, green manuring, in situ manuring (keeping the animals on the land), mulching, stubble burning, fallowing, incorporation of forest or black soil, and burying dead animals in the field. Advantages and disadvantages of each method, and economical, physical, and policy constraints are briefly discussed.