The forestry sector of Nepal: deforestation, degradation and development efforts

The three main natural regions of Nepal and their land use patterns are described. Forestry contributes 10%-15% of Nepal's GDP, and provides almost 90% of rural household energy needs. Forests are also vital for the control of floods and landslides, for the maintenance of ecological balance and for forest-based industries. National forests also play a part in attracting tourists and generating foreign currency earnings. A wide range of forest types are found in Nepal due to a wide range of climatic and topographical conditions. However, deforestation and degradation are taking place, leading to soil erosion and flooding. Poverty and environmental degradation together constitute a vicious circle entrapping the hill people of Nepal. The various government policies related to forestry are outlined. It is concluded that community forestry development projects should continue, but these must be complemented by other programmes to control erosion and reduce the demand for fuelwood. Development planning is needed which incorporates environmental and economic parameters. Trekking and tourism should be carefully controlled. It is recommended that more advantage be taken of international experience in natural resource management in the hills and mountain environment.