Intended to document why tenure is relevant to watershed projects and to provide a conceptual framework for making decisions related to tenurial issues during project design, this chapter is grounded in a review of the literature on land tenure and conservation and a review of relevant projects in China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, the Philippines, and Thailand. It begins with an overview of the importance of land tenure in watershed projects, describes some general principles of land tenure and categories of tenure systems found in the Asian uplands, discusses why the relationship between conservation and tenure has not been clearly understood, presents a conceptual framework for analysing that relationship based on case studies, identifies measures for addressing tenurial issues in watershed projects, and, finally, suggests studies that should be undertaken to further the World Bank's operational understanding of this issue.