I did B.Sc.from Amrit Science College,Kathmandu and B.Ed from Prithwi Narayan Campus Pokhara, studing M.Ed in environment education and sustainable development.

  I did B.Sc.from Amrit Science College,Kathmandu and B.Ed from Prithwi Narayan Campus Pokhara.I have been teaching in higher secondary school since 25 years,I have taught  mathematics in Bhanu Bhakta Multiple Campus for 7 years.I have completed trainings on SMT, SEDU, subject expert in science.

 An article on global change :

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Global Change:

Changes in any scale that changes the functions of the earth ,changes  related to people livelihoods, tangible natural changes is called global change.The changes of any scale that immediately alters the function of local system and cumulative or directly effects the earth system is known as global change CITATION Lek05 \l 1033  (Lekhak, 2005)

Globalization:

 A localized environmental effects which gradually operates to wider perimeter and operates the world with its cumulative responses, such phenomenon is called globalization.

Globalization is a broad process of global social, economic and environment change leading to integrate world ( Lekhak & Lekhak, 2005 P.210).Globalization refers ‘primarily to the global effects, notoriously unintended and unanticipated, rather than to global initiatives and undertakings.’ It ‘is not about what we all, or at least the most resourceful and enterprising among us, wish or hope to do. It is about what is happening to us all.’ We live in a ‘man-made wilderness’, not least because of ‘the growing experience of weakness, indeed of impotence, of the habitual, taken-for-granted ordering agencies’ - above all the state, of whose sovereignty all three main supports (military, economic and cultural self-sufficiency) have ‘been broken beyond repair’. Bauman’s concern is overwhelmingly with the human meaning which Dickens’ essentially technical account of globalization leaves out. He assumes, however, a similar definition of globalization as technologically-driven economic change, and his account is even simpler than Dickens’, to the point of being simplistic. Bauman’s pessimistic cultural critique leaves little room for agency, and this is because he sees both state and public sphere as deeply compromised by globalization. The other authors under consideration, although largely sharing the definition of globalization with Dickens and Bauman, make more serious attempts to define the possibilities of political action to deal with its consequences.

Forms of global change:

There are two main forms of global change, they are 1.systemetic global change and 2.cumulative global change .If there is change in environment and it changes or impacts globally , it is called systematic global change. For example if there is increase in temperature of the earth causes global warming. Local environment changes that has effects to global system on cumulating is called cumulative global change. e.g. Soil quality degradation due to agro-practices .

 Need and importance of addressing global change:

 Let us see an interlink of global change, by anthropogenic causes the water becomes polluted, when the fresh water is declined there will change in ecosystem causes biodivesity loss, desertification ,affect  human health .If stratospheric ozone is depleted by anthropogenic causes, will change the climate as well as ecosystems may cause biodiversity loss.The loss in ecological system and biodiversity directly affect the human health. The change in climate is the main cause of desertification which cause the decline in system of fresh water, it is closely related to human health and lots of species needed for human beings.

Carbon Emission:

 CITATION Bha091 \l 1033 (Bhatta, 2009)

To eliminate the contribution from human activity would require that we shut down virtually all human activity that uses carbon based fossil fuels.Developing countries such as India and The People's Republic of China feel they should be exempted, from restrictions on the amount of greenhouse gases they can produce.The developing countries say that only the developed countries should be forced to cut back.However if the developing countries are exempted you will not be able to eliminate the contribution to Global Warming that is made by green house gases emitted as a result of human activity.The bottom line is that you cannot change your lifestyle enough to prevent Global Warming. Also, for Global Warming to be prevented you would have to shut down the economiesof the developing countries as well.The amount of the cutbacks that are necessary to stop Global Warming are so large and so painful that no country has the political will to make those sacrifices for any length of time.Right now the only cutbacks proposed are merely public relations gestures to make people feel good about themselves without really having ot make the very painful sacrifices that would be necessary to stop Global Warming.

An increase in global temperatures can in turn cause other changes, including sea level rise, and changes in the amount and pattern of precipitation resulting in floods and drought[7]. There may also be changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, though it is difficult to connect specific events to global warming. Other effects may include changes in agricultural yields, glacier retreat, reduced summer streamflows, species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors.

Ways of reducing global warming

Global Warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans. Global average air temperature near the Earth’s surface has risen drastically. It will certain bring disastrous changes like sea level rise, floods & drought, extreme weather conditions, lesser agricultural yields, glacier retreat, and many more. We can do a lot to protect our environment for example -
1.SAVING ELECTRICITY (SWITCH OFF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, COMPUTERS, TV ETC. WHEN NOT IN USE).
2. USING JUTE BAGS OR PLASTIC BAGS
3. USING COMPACT FLOURESCENT LIGHTS (CFLs)
4. USING CAR POOLS / PUBLIC TRANSPORT
5.ADOPTING A TREE
6.SAVING & CONSERVING WATER AND HARVESTING RAIN WATER
7.PROPERLY DISPOSING OF E-WASTE
8.USING SOLAR ENERGY FOR COOKING / HEATING / LIGHTING
9. AVOIDING ELEVATOR AND WALKING WHEREVER POSSIBLE
10.REDUCING A/C CONSUMPTION
11.PRINTING ON BOTH SIDES OF PAPER
12. REGULAR MAINTENANCE OF VEHICLES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION
12. USING NATURAL RESOURCES TO MEET UNAVOIDABLE NEEDS ONLY.

Sustainable Development:

The Brundtland commission in 1987 brought a concept of SD.It is also called the world commission on environment and development. It had published a  report of “our common future.SD is the development that meets the needs of present  generation  without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.

Importance and need of SD

1.Proper use of resource

2.Feeling of responsibility

3.Development of basic aspects

4.Development based on public participation

5.Determination of limit of development

6.Long term vision

Principles of Sustainable Development

1.Conservation of  eco-system

2.Sustainable Development of society

3.Consevation of biodiversity

4.Population control

5.Development of human resource

6.Increment in public participation

7.Conservation of cultural heritage.

8.Limit of Earth’s carrying capacity

Application of SD

1.balance of environment & nature

2.The target is fulfilled if development works include balance diet, neat and clean drinking water, health services security etc.

3.Any renewable resource as vegetation ,birds and animal of the earth can be increased.

4.The development work should be conducted by paying attention towards the aspects of bearing and carrying capacity of the earth.

5.Conservation programme of living beings should be taken together with development works.

“ Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need” (WCED, 1987)

Social and political aspect: Sustainability is regarded as a way not to damage future supplies, “ Harvesting and Managing Renewable Resources”

Issues and Schools of thought:

There are three main issues 1. development 2.needs and 3.Sustainibility, these issues are related to economic growth, materials and use of  natural resources. There are two schools of thought they are Anthropocentric and Biocentric , first emphasis only for human beings ,tells that the earth if from human beings, second focused for all the living things and environment which says the resources are limited in the earth so use them sustainably, that is why the resources are for future generations also.

Components and Causes of Global Change

Land degradation:

Land degradation is a concept in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by one or more combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. Natural hazardsare excluded as a cause, however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bushfires.It is estimated that up to 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. Land degradation is a global problem, largely related toagricultural use. The major causes include:Land clearance, such as clear cutting and deforestation, Agricultural depletion of soil nutrients through poor farming practices,Livestock including overgrazing,Irrigation and overdrafting, Urban sprawl and commercial development,Land pollution including industrial waste,Vehicle off-roading (Joshi, 2058)

Effects

The main outcome of land degradation is a substantial reduction in the productivity of the land. The major stresses on vulnerable land include :accelerated soil erosion by wind and water    soil acidification or alkalinisation,salination,destruction of soil structure including loss of organic matter, derelict soil

‘Land degradation generally refers to loss of utility or potential utility of land or to the reduction , loss or change features of land or organism that cannot be replaced “

                                                             Barrow, 1991