Upper boundary at about 1000m.
(a) Shorea robusta forest:
Shorea robusta is generally dominant; common associates are Terminalia alata, Adina cordifolia, Anogeisus latifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Dillenia pentagyna, Syzygium cumini and Semicarpus anacardium. It is also further subdivided in different types.
(b) Acacia catechu-Dalbergia sissoo forest:
Found on newly deposited alluvium, often gravelly, along streeams and rivers.
(c) Other riverain forest:
Small strips of forest are to be found in moist localities near streams. Tropical evergreen riverain forest(eastern type) includes Michelia champaca, Litsea spp. cinnamomum spp. while the same of western type includes Syzygium cumini as dominant species; and tropical decidious riverain forest contains Bombax ceiba, Holoptelea integrifolia and Trewia nudiflora together with other species found in the Shorea robusta forest.
(d) Grassland:
Ususlly found on poorly drained clays. Characteristic grass species are Saccharum spontaneum, Phragmites karka, Arundo donax and Eulaliopsis binata.
(e) Terminalia-Anogeissus decidious hill forest:
Occurs in western Nepal in the foothills, where it replaces Shorea robusta forest on south-facing slopes. It is mixed in composition: Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia alata, Ehretia laevis, Flacourtia indica and Lannea coromandelica.