Found between 3000 and 4200 m in the west and around 3000 m in the east.
(a) Abies spectabilis forest:
In this type of forest Abies spectabilis is associated with one or more species among Quercus semecarpifolia, Rhododendron spp, Acer spp. and Larix griffithiana according to the site.
(b) Betula utilis forest:
It is frequrntly almost pure, with Rhododendron spp. and Acer spp. in the understorey. In western Nepal Abies spectabilis and Quercus semecarpifolia are also found as associate species.
(c) Rhododendron forest:
Important species of this forest are: R. campanulatum, R. thomsonii and R. campbellianum.
(d) Juniperus indica steppe:
It is the only tree in such areas but has an open shrubby understorey.
(e) Caragana steppe:

They are dominant in areas having less than about 250 mm rainfall.

There is no tree in alpine zone, but shrubby rhododendrons and junipers and some other shrubby species (Hippophae rhamniodes, Cotoneaster microphyllus) are found at lower elevations, up to 4500 m.