Seasonal patterns of livestock feed collection and deficits for small-holder mixed farms in the mid-hills zone of Nepal

Under the research project 'Strategies for Improved Fodder Production in the Dry Season in the Mid-hills of Nepal Using Participatory Research Techniques', a simple survey method was devised to obtain information on the seasonal collection and utilization of livestock feeds. The objectives of the survey were to describe the seasonal patterns of feed collection, deficits and allocation to different livestock, with as much quantification as possible but without complex and costly recording, weighing, and data handling procedures. At the same time the survey should involve useful discussion with farmers about feed needs at different times of year as a basis for jointly determining the requirements for additional feed resources on farms. The survey was conducted in 5 villages differing in altitude, access to cropland and forest, and proximity to markets, with 10 farmers selected during group discussions to represent the range of land and livestock holdings within each village. Survey visits to each household were made at 2-month intervals over 14 months. Each visit involved a 10-30 minute discussion with each household (with members most directly involved in feed collection and allocation), to record the current livestock holding, daily amounts of different types of feeds collected (in local measures), sources of feeds (on or off- farm), daily grazing periods, feed allocation to each type of livestock, estimated feed deficits, and current livestock production objectives and productivity. Additional single visit surveys established the land holdings, cropping patterns, on-farm tree holdings, household size, and labour constraints for fodder collection for all households. The expected seasonal patterns of feed collection were evident, with higher collections of cut grass and grazing fodder in the rainy season and of tree fodders and crop residues in the dry season. Fodder collection was positively associated with land holdings, tree holdings and household size (labour availability), as well as with livestock holdings (though collection rates were not sufficient for the larger livestock holdings). The quality of feeds collected was higher for households in villages where grazing was practised. Three different seasonal patterns of nutrient collection and contents were noted between villages, with higher and less seasonal collection in Gajuri Chhap and Gauthale, more seasonal collection (low in the dry season) in Chankhubesi and Tawari, and low collection in the rainy season in Ange. Most households reported deficits of fodders in the dry season, and in some circumstances through the rainy as well. Understanding household circumstances with regard to all factors affecting feed availability will help to define the most appropriate feed development interventions.