• One prime object of forestry is to grow crops free from disease and obtain profitable harvest.
• Forest crops are: Perennial, Rotation age of many, Low value per unit
• Therefore, chemical control measure of disease is limited only for nursery and plantation

Direct measure

• Sanitation
  • Reduces or eliminates the initial inoculums
  • Control by sanitation requires an early detection of the disease
  • Cutting, thinning, felling
• Eradication
  • Heteroecious rust requires two hosts to complete their life cycle. Pine and swertia.
  • Eradication of one of the hosts (weeds or unvalued spp.) by weedicides.
• Isolation
  • Generally root disease is not spread through soil.
  • Disease is mainly contaminated to adjacent healthy plants through root contact or root graft.
• Chemical control
  • Expensiveness and side effects
  • The use of chemicals in disease control is limited only for nursery
  • Expensiveness and side effectsThe use of chemicals in disease control is limited only for nursery
  • Fungicides?
    • A fungicide must have the characteristic to have desirable effect
    • Attack the pathogen at weakest point of its life cycle and non-toxic to the host at the dosage used.
    • Should not cause any pollution hazards to wild life.
    • Should be long lasting even exposed to rain

Indirect measure

• Choice and improvement of site
  • Natural forests are generally adapted to the site they occupy. Large scale of damage occurs: Repeated fire, heavy grazing, loss of soil moisture
  • Deforestation results in invasion by Eupatorium, which creates problems in plantation and poses risk of fire.
  • Soil erosion is heavy because the ground litter and undergrowth is nearly absent.
  • Heavy soil erosion and site deterioration makes difficult to reclaim these areas for raising forest.
  • Necessary to improve the site through management practices:
    • Fire control
    • Grazing control
    • Trenching to hold water run-off
• Choice of species
  • Natural forests are mixed in composition where only some species are economically valuable.
  • Natural forests fail to meet the growing demand of forest products such as wood.
  • Therefore, introduction of exotic species becomes compulsion to fulfill the growing demand of nation and industries.
  • Plantation may risen pure or in mixture.
  • A pure crop is preferred because the management is simplified.
  • But pure stand is ideal for a pathogen to build up to epidemic.
  • Parasites are often damaging at a particular age in the development of the tree.