This study reviewed the policies and outcomes of international support for forest management in Nepal and answered whether international support on forest management in developing countries resulted in positive socioeconomic and environmental outcomes at local communities. The evaluation is based on the socio-ecological theory and synergies-tradeoff model of forestry ecosystems goods and services. The study shows that the international interventions influenced national policies and community forestry practices, which contributed to the remarkable increase of forest stock. The new forestry institutions increased timber product supplies to urban users and contributed offsetting of greenhouse gas emission of affluent societies in overseas. However, the intervention spoiled centuries of old forestry practices, which had contributed to the evolvement of socio-ecological condition, sustained local economy and environment systems. The new forestry institutions and practices locked local opportunities of multipurpose uses of forest, worsened water yield and local knowledge, and hampered local economic activities. Consequently they affected habitat diversities for forest based species, and forest resource supplies for sustaining agro- biodiversities and local food security. In reality the interventions increased benefit to distant users (urban users in the country and affluent societies in overseas) and further marginalized local communities and particularly socially disadvantaged people. The paper shows that the international forestry policies and supports are technically wrong or poorly based on science which is against their promise of providing better technical supports and benefiting local communities in developing countries. It argues that the in-terventions created many complexities in forestry institutions and practices which require too costly en-deavor to change and address the local socioeconomic and environmental problems. The paper has ex-plained the root cause of the international policy problem on many schools of thought.

Author's request: Many of you know that the outcomes of the policies and supports of forestry and related environment development are mix in Nepal. Many of you may not believe that the technical supports and other advices provided to rural communities for forest resource management are technically wrong and poorly based on science. The intervening agencies have fooled, deceived, abused and exploited the communities to benefit themselves, urban users in the countries and affluent societies in overseas. It needed a powerful tool to prove that the agencies have provided wrong advices. The synergies and tradeoffs model of ecosystems services can be such tool. I worked out the tool and managed to publish in the following article. The tool is presented in basic form.The synergies and tradeoffs model has many scopes of further work particularly to identify better level of the forestry resource management for benefiting local communities. I am interested to work further on it. If you provide any comment and suggestion, I would greatly appreciate.